Since the 1960s, new sciences have emerged that directly challenge the Pythagorean Good/Evil divide.
Limited/Unlimited: Ecology dates back to the 1860s, but it was only in the 1960s that scientists like Eugene Odum and Kenneth Boulding started to see the human race as part of the world eco-system. It deals in natural systems in which natural resources are recycled, so are both limited (they are finite) and unlimited (they never run out).
Odd/Even: The Pythagoreans associated the even numbers with the number 2, which signified duality and uncertainty. Fuzzy logic provides a way of dealing with statements that are partially true and partially false – that are inherently dualistic.
One/Plurality: Network theory is about the properties of systems that arise from interactions between individual members.
Right/Left: The right hand is controlled by the left side of the brain, which specialises in abstract, reductionist thought. Complexity theory is about emergent properties which elude such reductionist analysis.
Male/Female: Science has traditionally been a male-dominated activity. Feminist science is changing the kinds of questions that scientists ask about nature.
At Rest/In Motion: Nonlinear dynamics and chaos deals with systems that are not at equilibrium.
Straight/Crooked: Fractals is a science of crooked lines.
Light/Darkness: Science and progress have always aimed to illuminate nature. Green technologists argue that maybe we should turn down the lights.
Square/Oblong: Power-law theory deals with the asymmetries that naturally arise in complex systems.
Good/Evil: Science is neither inherently good nor inherently evil. As science grows in power and sophistication, scientific ethics become increasingly important.